Day 62
Aviation Law and Regulation
（民航法规）
 
01
STEP 5    Additional Protocols Nos. 1-3 and Montreal Protocol No. 4 1975
第1-3号附加议定书和1975年第4号蒙特利尔议定书

In the light of developments of free market for gold, the "gold clause" in the Warsaw system lost its relevance. The International Monetary Fund by that time also abolished the gold parity of currencies and created the concept of Special Drawing Right" (SDR) as a new yardstick of values. The SDR is not a real currency but a measure of values defined every day from floating basket of the leading trading currencies-often called "paper gold".
鉴于黄金自由市场的发展，华沙体系中的“黄金条款”失去了其相关性。当时，国际货币基金组织也废除了货币的黄金平价，创立了特别提款权的概念，作为衡量价值的新标准。特别提款权不是一种真正的货币，而是一种每天从一篮子主要贸易货币（通常被称为“纸黄金”）中定义的价值计量。
The Conference adopted "Additional Protocols of Montreal". No. 1, 2 and 3 that have the sole purpose of replacing the"gold clause" in the original 1929 Warsaw Convention, in that Convention as amended at The Hague 1955 and in that Convention as amended at The Hague and by the Guatemala City Protocol of 1971 by translating the limits of liability from the gold clause into the SDR.
会议通过的“蒙特利尔附加议定书”第1、2和3号每天都有变化，其唯一目的是取代1929年《华沙公约》中的“黄金条款”，在1955年海牙修正的公约和1971年海牙修正的公约以及危地马拉城议定书中，将黄金条款的赔偿责任限额转换为特别提款权。

The Protocol left the limit of liability for loss of or damage of cargo at the same level as the original 1929 Warsaw Convention the equivalent of the 250 francs being 17 SDR per kilogram and that limit cannot be exceeded under any circumstances. There was no pressure to increase this amount since the carriage of cargo normally involves business entities carrying adequate insurance.
议定书规定，货物丢失或损坏的赔偿责任限额与1929年《华沙公约》原规定的限额相同，250法郎的等值货币为每公斤17特别提款权，在任何情况下都不能超过该限额。没有增加这一数额的压力，因为货物运输通常涉及持有足够保险的商业实体。
Of great importance is the adoption of the regime of strict liability of the air carrier for the loss of or damage to cargo regardless of fault; the only exoneration of the carrier could be if he proves that the loss of or damage to cargo resulted solely from inherent defect, quality or vice of that cargo, defective packing of that cargo performed by a person other that the carrier or his servants or agents, an act of war or armed conflict or an act of the public authority carried out in connexion with the entry, exit or transit of that cargo. It is the first time that an international unification of law introduced strict liability with respect to carriage of cargo and this progressive measure could reduce expensive litigation.
极为重要的是采用航空承运人对发生故障而造成的货物丢失或损坏的严格责任制度；承运人唯一可以免除责任的是，证明货物的丢失或损坏完全是由于货物的固有缺陷、质量或缺点、所运货物的包装缺陷造成的。由承运人或其受雇人或代理人、战争或武装冲突行为或公共当局在与货物进入、出境或转运有关的情况下实施的行为。这是国际统一法律首次对货物运输规定严格的赔偿责任，这一渐进措施可以减少昂贵的诉讼费用。

02
 STEP 6  Japanese Initiative 日本倡议
The Japanese initiative is the name usually given to the decision of all Japanese air carriers, with the approval of the Government of Japan, to waive（放弃）, as of 20 November 1992, the limit of liability in the international carriage by air in a two-tier system: 
日本放弃双层体系中国际航空运输的赔偿责任限额
up to 100,000 SDR strict liability for proven damage would be accepted without defence and beyond that sum, without any monetary limitation, liability would be based on presumed fault with reversed burden of proof.
无需辩护即可接受高达10，0000特别提款权的已证实损害的严格赔偿责任。除此之外，在没有任何金钱限制的情况下，赔偿责任将以推定过失为基础，举证责任倒置。

The"Japanese initiative"was a major historic innovation, indicating the industry's willingness and ability to accept liability without any monetary limits. Moral reasons have motivated the Japanese government-how to justify limitation of liability for passengers in international carriage by air when there is no such limitation under domestic law for domestic carriage by air, accidents in the automobile operations, etc. moreover, the level of operational safety and the possibility of effective risk management by insurance made the limitation of liability unjustifiable.
“日本倡议”是一项重大的历史性创新，表明该行业愿意并有能力在没有任何货币限制的情况下承担责任。道德原因促使日本政府在国内法对国内航空运输、汽车营运事故等没有限制的情况下，如何为国际航空运输中的旅客责任限制辩护；运营安全水平和保险公司有效管理风险的可能性，使得责任限制毫无道理。
NEWS
MEA advances Airbus deliveries schedule
中东航空加快了空客的交付时间表
Lebanese flag-carrier Middle East Airlines appears to have advanced deliveries of new Airbus A321neo and A330neo jets intended to modernise its fleet. 
黎巴嫩载旗航空公司中东航空似乎已经交付了新的空客A321和A330喷气式飞机，意在使其机队现代化
MEA has 15 A321neos on order and states in its latest full-year accounts that it will take nine of them in 2020, with another pair in 2021.

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